Everything about The Emergency Department totally explained
The
emergency department (ED), sometimes termed the
emergency room (ER),
emergency ward (EW),
accident & emergency (A&E) department or
casualty department is a
hospital or
primary care department that provides initial treatment to
patients with a broad spectrum of
illnesses and
injuries, some of which may be
life-threatening and requiring immediate attention. Emergency departments developed during the
20th century in response to an increased need for rapid assessment and management of critical illnesses. In some countries, emergency departments have become important entry points for those without other means of access to medical care.
Upon arrival in the ED, people typically undergo a brief
triage, or sorting, interview to help determine the nature and severity of their illness. Individuals with serious illnesses are then seen by a physician more rapidly than those with less severe symptoms or injuries. After initial assessment and treatment, patients are either admitted to the hospital, stabilized and transferred to another hospital for various reasons, or discharged. The staff in emergency departments not only includes doctors, but
physician assistants (PAs) and
nurses with specialized training in
emergency medicine and in house
Paramedics and/or emergency medical technicians, respiratory therapists, radiology technicians, Healthcare Assistants (HCAs), volunteers, and other support staff who all work as a team to treat emergency patients and provide support to anxious family members. The emergency departments of most hospitals operate around the clock, although staffing levels are usually much lower at night. Since a diagnosis must be made by an attending physician, the patient is initially assigned a
chief complaint rather than a diagnosis. This is usually a symptom: headache, nausea, loss of consciousness. The chief complaint remains a primary fact until the attending physician makes a diagnosis.
Department layout
A typical emergency department has several different areas, each specialized for patients with particular severities or types of illness.
In the
triage area, patients are seen by a triage nurse who completes a preliminary evaluation, before transferring care to another area of the ED or a different department in the hospital. Patients with life or limb-threatening conditions may bypass triage and to be seen directly by a physician.
The
resuscitation area is a key area of an emergency department. It usually contains several individual resuscitation bays, usually with one specially equipped for
paediatric resuscitation. Each bay is equipped with a
defibrillator, airway equipment,
oxygen,
intravenous lines and fluids, and emergency drugs. Resuscitation areas also have
ECG machines, and often limited
X-ray facilities to perform chest and pelvis films. Other equipment may include
non-invasive ventilation (NIV) and
portable ultrasound devices.
The
majors, or general medical, area is for stable patients who still need to be confined to bed (note that a "bed" in the ED context is almost always a
gurney or trolley rather than a full hospital bed). This area is often very busy, filled with many patients with a wide range of medical and surgical problems. Many will require further investigation and possible admission. Patients who are not in need of immediate treatment are sent to the
minors area. Such patients may still have been found to have significant problems, including
fractures,
dislocations, and
lacerations requiring
suturing.
A
paediatric area for the treatment of children has recently become standard, to dedicate separate waiting areas and facilities for children. Some departments employ a
play therapist whose job is to put children at ease to reduce the
anxiety caused by visiting the emergency department, as well as provide distraction therapy for simple procedures.
Very few EDs have a dedicated area for
obstetrics nowadays. In most cases, a pregnant woman who presents to the ED is sent immediately to the obstetrics/maternity ward or the Labour and Delivery suite, unless she's another medical condition that requires treatment first.
Many hospitals have a separate area for evaluation of
psychiatric problems. These are often staffed by
psychiatrists and mental health nurses and
social workers. There is typically at least one room for people who are actively a risk to themselves or others (for example
suicidal).
Emergency departments may also have a separately streamed service for minor and rapidly treatable conditions, such as minor injuries. The fast track may be staffed by emergency nurse practitioners,
Physician Assistants and/or physicians, and special consultation rooms are specifically designated for this purpose. This system allows for quicker treatment of patients who may otherwise be forced to wait for more pressing cases to resolve. This part of the department may be called by several names for example Urgent Care Centre, Fast Track Unit or Primary Care Suite depending on the local emphasis. Where this type of service is provided on a separate site from the local ED it's called a
Minor Injuries Unit or an
Urgent Care Clinic.
Signage
A hospital with an emergency department usually has prominent signage reading
Emergency or
Accident and Emergency (often in white text on a red background) and an arrow to indicate where patients should proceed. Some
American states closely regulate the design and content of such signs, and require wording such as "Comprehensive Emergency Medical Service" and "Physician On Duty", to prevent persons in need of critical care from presenting to facilities that are not fully equipped and staffed.
Nomenclature
Commonwealth nations and Ireland
In
Australia the department is usually referred to as the
emergency department or
the ED. In
New Zealand, it's always referred to as "A & E" in speech (ie Accident and Emergency. (A & E In the
United Kingdom,
Hong Kong,
Singapore and
Ireland it's usually called the
accident and emergency department (A&E). The popular term
casualty is no longer considered appropriate by emergency physicians in Australia, the United Kingdom and Ireland. Leading journals including the
Annals of Emergency Medicine, published by the
American College of Emergency Physicians and the
Emergency Medicine Journal (emj), journal of the
British Association for Emergency Medicine (BAEM), consistently use the term
Emergency department.
In
Canada, a slang word for the emergency department is "emerge".
United States
In the
United States an emergency department is often referred to by laypeople as an
emergency room (ER). Medical professionals typically call it whatever its name is within their specific hospitals, or simply "Emergency." The term "emergency room" is a misnomer, as a modern hospital's emergency facilities consist of dozens of rooms. The ED interacts with every other department in the hospital and often represents a significant percentage of the hospital's work load and finances. It is common for emergency department doctors to work for a company hired by the hospital to provide emergency services.
During the
1990s, an effort was made to change to the more accurate term
emergency department (ED), which is a term increasingly used by members of the specialty internationally. The effort failed and ED never caught on among the U.S. public, perhaps because of the popularity of the TV show
ER, and the heavy marketing of the euphemism "ED" for
erectile dysfunction by
pharmaceutical companies. However, the term does have some circulation among emergency medicine staff. Individual hospitals may also refer to the department by different names, such as emergency ward, emergency center, emergency unit, etc.
A smaller facility that may provide assistance in medical emergencies is known as a
clinic. Larger communities often have walk-in clinics where people with medical problems that wouldn't be considered serious enough to warrant an emergency department visit can be seen. These clinics often don't operate on a 24 hour basis, and visiting them is sometimes less expensive than going to the ED.
In 1986 congress passed a law commonly referred to as
EMTALA (Federal Emergency Medical Treatment and Active Labor Act, also known as the Patient Anti-Dumping Law) to address a growing concern that EDs were refusing to treat patients based on their inability to pay. This law requires every ED to provide a minimal level of care to all comers regardless of their ability to pay.
The EMTALA act was passed by congress in 1986. Under this law, any person presenting to an Emergency Department is entitled by law to a Medical Screening Exam. The purpose of that exam is to determine if any illness or injury is present that without immediate intervention, could have serious consequences if treatment is delayed more than 24 hours. In practice, doing so often requires a full evaluation of all patients presenting to an Emergency Department. Only after that exam is fully complete may patients be referred to an outpatient clinic or their primary care physician if their condition and/or diagnosis allows it. According to a May 2003 American Medical Association (AMA) study, emergency physicians annually provide, on average, $138,300 of uncompensated care under the aegis of EMTALA.
United Kingdom
Throughout the UK, the department is known as "A&E" - Accident & Emergency. Some hospitals choose to use the term "ED" - Emergency Deparment, and drop the "Accident" from the title. This is considered appropriate by some hospitals due to people turning up with minor injuries after an accident, rather than a real emergency. Although some hospitals use the term "ED", all road signs to the department still read "A&E". Most teaching hospitals and district general hospitals (DGHs) have an A&E department. The largest such department in the UK is in
St Thomas' Hospital.
Traditionally, waits for assessment in A&E were very long in some areas of the UK. In October
2002, the Department of Health introduced the
Four Hour Emergency Target that required departments to assess and treat patients within four hours of arrival, with referral and assessment by other departments if deemed necessary. Present policy is that 98% of all patients don't "breach" this four-hour wait.
This triggered the introduction of the
Acute Assessment Unit (also known as the Medical Assessment Unit), which works alongside the Emergency Department but is outside it for statistical purposes. It is claimed that though A&E targets have resulted in significant improvements in completion times, the current target wouldn't have been possible without some form of patient re-designation or re-labelling taking place, so true improvements are somewhat less than headline figures might suggest and it's doubtful that a single target target (fitting all A&E and related services) is sustainable.
In other countries without this policy (such as Ireland and Australia), patients may be faced with prolonged waits of hours or even days on trolleys for hospital beds.
Patient experience
Patients arrive at emergency departments in two main ways: by ambulance or independently. The ambulance crew notifies the hospital beforehand of the patient's condition and begins
Basic Life Support measures as needed. Depending on the patient's condition, the emergency department physician may direct the ambulance crew to begin specific interventions while still en route. These patients are taken to the emergency department's resuscitation area, where they're met by a team with the expertise to deal with the patients' conditions. For example, patients with
major trauma are seen by a
trauma team consisting of emergency physicians, nurses, paramedics, a
surgeon, and an
anestheologist.
Patients arriving independently or by ambulance are typically triaged by a nurse with training in emergency medicine. Patients are seen in order of medical urgency, not in order of arrival. Patients are triaged to the resuscitation area, majors area, or minors area. Emergency/Accident and Emergency departments usually have one entrance with a
lobby and a
waiting room for patients with less-urgent conditions, and another entrance reserved for ambulances.
Critical conditions handled
Cardiac arrest
Cardiac arrest may occur in the ED/A&E or a patient may be transported by ambulance to the emergency department already in this state. Treatment is
basic and advanced life support as taught in the
Advanced Life Support and
Advanced Cardiac Life Support courses. This is an immediately life-threatening condition which requires immediate action in salvageable cases.
Heart attack
» See main article: Myocardial infarction
Patients arriving to the emergency department with a
myocardial infarction (heart attack) are likely to be triaged to the resuscitation area. They will receive oxygen and monitoring and have an early
ECG;
aspirin will be given if not
contraindicated or not already administered by the ambulance team;
morphine or
diamorphine will be given for
pain; sublingual (under the tongue) or buccal (between cheek and upper gum)
glyceryl trinitrate (
nitroglycerin) (GTN or NTG) will be given, unless contraindicated by the presence of other drugs, such as drugs that treat
erectile disfunction.
An
ECG that reveals ST segment elevation or new
left bundle branch block suggests complete blockage of one of the main coronary arteries. These patients require immediate reperfusion (re-opening) of the occluded vessel. This can be achieved in two ways:
thrombolysis (clot-busting medication) or
percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA). Both of these are effective in reducing significantly the mortality of myocardial infarction. Many centers are now moving to the use of PTCA as it's somewhat more effective than thrombolysis if it can be administered early. This may involve transfer to a nearby facility with facilities for angioplasty.
Trauma
Major trauma, the term for patients with multiple injuries, often from a
road traffic accident or a fall, is treated by a
trauma team who have been trained using the principles taught in the internationally recognized
Advanced Trauma Life Support (ATLS) course of the
American College of Surgeons. Some other international training bodies have started to run similar courses based on the same principles.
The services that are provided in an emergency department can range from simple x-rays and the setting of broken bones to those of a full-scale
trauma center. A patient's chance of survival is greatly improved if the patient receives definitive treatment (for example surgery or reperfusion)within one hour of an accident (such as a car accident) or onset of acute illness (such as a heart attack). This critical time frame is commonly known as the "
golden hour."
Some emergency departments in smaller hospitals are located near a
helipad which is used by helicopters to transport a patient to a trauma center. This inter-hospital transfer is often done when a patient requires advanced medical care unavailable at the local facility. In such cases the emergency department can only
stabilize the patient for transport.
Mental Illness
Some patients arrive at an emergency department for a complaint of mental illness. In many jurisdictions (including many U.S. states), patients who appear to be mentally ill and to present a danger to themselves or others may be brought against their will to an emergency department by law enforcement officers for psychiatric examination. From the emergency department, patients thought to be mentally ill may be transferred to a psychiatric unit (in many cases involuntarily).
Asthma and COPD
Acute exacerbations of chronic respiratory diseases, mainly
asthma and
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are assessed as emergencies and treated with
oxygen therapy,
bronchodilators,
steroids or
theophylline, have an urgent
chest X-ray and
arterial blood gases and are referred for
intensive care if necessary.
Non invasive ventilation in the ED has reduced the requirement for
intubation in many cases of severe exacerbations of COPD.
Special facilities, training, and equipment
An ED requires different equipment and different approaches than most other hospital divisions. Patients frequently arrive with unstable conditions, and so must be treated quickly. They may be unconscious, and information such as their medical history, allergies, and blood type may be unavailable. ED staff are trained to work quickly and effectively even with minimal information.
ED staff must also interact efficiently with pre-hospital care providers such as
EMTs,
paramedics, and others who are occasionally based in an ED. The pre-hospital providers may use equipment unfamiliar to the average physician, but ED physicians must be expert in using (and safely removing) specialized equipment, since devices such as
Military Anti-Shock Trousers ("MAST") and
traction splints require special procedures. Among other reasons, given that they must be able to handle specialized equipment, physicians can now specialize in emergency medicine, and EDs employ many such specialists.
ED staff have much in common with
ambulance and
fire crews,
combat medics,
search and rescue teams, and
disaster response teams. Often, joint training and practice drills are organized to improve the coordination of this complex response system. Busy EDs exchange a great deal of equipment with ambulance crews, and both must provide for replacing, returning, or reimbursing for costly items.
Cardiac arrest and major trauma are relatively common in EDs, so
defibrillators, automatic ventilation and
CPR machines, and bleeding control dressings are used heavily. Survival in such cases is greatly enhanced by shortening the wait for key interventions, and in recent years some of this specialized equipment has spread to pre-hospital settings. The best-known example is defibrillators, which spread first to ambulances, then in an automatic version to police cars, and most recently to public spaces such as
airports,
office buildings,
hotels, and even shopping malls.
Because time is such an essential factor in emergency treatment, EDs typically have their own diagnostic equipment to avoid waiting for equipment installed elsewhere in the hospital. Nearly all have an X-ray room, and many now have full radiology facilities including CT scanners and ultrasonography equipment. Laboratory services may be handled on a priority basis by the hospital lab, or the ED may have its own "STAT Lab" for basic labs (blood counts, blood typing, toxicology screens, etc) that must be returned very rapidly.
Non-emergency use
Emergency departments around the world are increasingly being used for non-emergency care because of overburdened healthcare systems. Many people, afflicted by minor injuries or illnesses late at night or at times when their doctor's office is closed, are forced to resort to attending the ED. This is especially true for conditions with distressing symptoms, such as a child's
ear infection. People in lower socioeconomic classes are more likely to use the ED for primary care services, as they typically find it inconvenient or impossible to miss work for a visit to the
General Practitioner (GP).
In the United Kingdom, it has become more popular to visit the A&E since it became mandatory for patients to be fully treated and discharged from the department within four hours of arrival. Also, the introduction of the new contract for primary care doctors in that country decreased the accessibility of GP services. Under this contract GPs can opt out of on-call cover, and patients sometimes present instead to the A&E.
In many
Primary Care Trusts there may be out of hours doctor services sometimes known as Keydoc or something similar (varying by area) provided by volunteer
General Practitioners.
Resident physicians
Resident physicians, in specialty training for the specialty of Emergency Medicine, provide a large portion of the medical care in university hospital ED's. They are supervised by ABEM board certified attending physicians. The chief resident (chosen by the university faculty) is often the best all-around resident, universally thought of as the most talented resident physician.
Academic resources
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